[New post] Earth Is Suddenly Spinning Faster. Why Our Planet Just Recorded Its Shortest Day Since Records Began

marketingscoops posted: " Our planet set a record for completing one rotation faster than scientists had ever previously recorded, according to TimeAndDate.com. Earth rotated once around its axis on Wednesday, June 29, in 1.59 milliseconds less than 24 hours.Hang on! Earth" https://onlinemarketingscoops.com Earth Is Suddenly Spinning Faster. Why Our Planet Just Recorded Its Shortest Day Since Records Began marketingscoops Aug 2 Our planet set a record for completing one rotation faster than scientists had ever previously recorded, according to TimeAndDate.com. Earth rotated once around its axis on Wednesday, June 29, in 1.59 milliseconds less than 24 hours.Hang on! Earth takes exactly 24 hours to rotate once on its axis, right? Almost, yes, but not exactly. What about the 'leap seconds?' Until a few years ago it had been thought that Earth's rotation was slowing down after several successive measurements by atomic clocks since 1973. The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) had even begun adding leap seconds every now and again to make up for the slower spin (it last happened on December 31, 2016). Over a longer time period that may still be the case—Earth's rotation may, in general, still be slowing down.After all, the Moon is gradually slowing down the Earth's rotation. Its gravitational pull causes tides and makes the Earth's orbital path around the Sun slightly elliptical. How fast is Earth rotating? However, in the last few years the atomic clocks have shown that Earth rotation is now speeding up. In fact, we could be beginning a 50 year period of shorter days. In 2020 scientists recorded the 28 shortest days since 1960. Last year that trend did not continue, with the shortest day in 2021 being longer than in the previous year. However, on June 29, 2022 our planet completed its quickest-ever spin, followed quickly by a day that lasted 1.50 milliseconds less on July 26, 2022.The previous record for the shortest rotation was July 19, 2020, when the Earth's rotation took 1.4602 milliseconds less than 24 hours. Why is Earth speeding up? The cause of the differing speed of Earth's spin is unknown, but theories abound: The melting of the glaciers means less weight on the poles Motions of our planet's inner molten core Seismic activity The "Chandler wobble"—the movement of Earth's geographical poles across its surface Why Earth's rotational speed is important Earth's quickening rotation has consequences because atomic clocks—which are used in GPS satellites—don't take into account the Earth's changing rotation. If Earth spins faster then it gets to the same position a little earlier. A half-a-millisecond equates to 10-inches or 26 centimetres at the equator. In short, GPS satellites—which already have to be corrected for the effect of Einstein's general relativity theory (the curve of space and time)—are quickly going to become useless. There are also potentially confusing consequences for smartphones, computers and communications systems, which synchronize with Network Time Protocol (NTP) servers. It's defined as the number of seconds since 00:00:00 UTC on January 1, 1970. To solve all this international timekeepers may need to add a negative leap second— a "drop second." Though Earth may already be spinning as quickly as it ever will, with a slowdown inevitable.Only time will tell. Wishing you clear skies and wide eyes. Jamie Carter I'm an experienced science, technology and travel journalist and stargazer writing about exploring the night sky, solar and lunar eclipses, Source: Earth Is Suddenly Spinning Faster. Why Our Planet Just Recorded Its Shortest Day Since Records Began Critics by Kate Golembiewski Our solar system formed about 4.5 billion years ago, when a dense cloud of interstellar dust and gas collapsed in on itself and began to spin. There are vestiges of this original movement in our planet's current rotation, thanks to angular momentum — essentially, "the tendency of the body that's rotating, to carry on rotating until something actively tries to stop it," explains Peter Whibberley, a senior research scientist at the UK's National Physical Laboratory. Thanks to that angular momentum, our planet has been spinning for billions of years and we experience night and day. But it hasn't always spun at the same rate. Hundreds of millions of years ago, Earth made about 420 rotations in the time it took to orbit the Sun; we can see evidence of how each year was jam-packed with extra days by examining the growth lines on fossil corals. Although days have gradually grown longer over time (in part because of how the moon pulls at Earth's oceans, which slows us down a bit), during humanity's watch, we've been holding steady at about 24 hours for a full rotation — which translates to about 365 rotations per trip 'round the Sun. As scientists have improved at observing Earth's rotation and keeping track of time, however, they've realized that we experience little fluctuations in how long it takes to make a full rotation. A new way to track time In the 1950s, scientists developed atomic clocks that kept time based on how electrons in cesium atoms fall from a high-energy, excited state back to their normal ones. Since atomic clocks' periods are generated by this unchanging atomic behavior, they don't get thrown off by external changes like temperature shifts the way that traditional clocks can. Over the years, though, scientists spotted a problem: The unimpeachably steady atomic clocks were shifting slightly from the time that the rest of the world kept. "As time goes on, there is a gradual divergence between the time of atomic clocks and the time measured by astronomy, that is, by the position of Earth or the moon and stars," says Judah Levine, a physicist in the time and frequency division of the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Basically, a year as recorded by atomic clocks was a bit faster than that same year calculated from Earth's movement. "In order to keep that divergence from getting too big, in 1972, the decision was made to periodically add leap seconds to atomic clocks," Levine says. Leap seconds work a little like the leap days that we tack on to the end of February every four years to make up for the fact that it really takes around 365.25 days for Earth to orbit the Sun. But unlike leap years, which come steadily every four years, leap seconds are unpredictable.  The International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service keeps tabs on how quickly the planet spins by sending laser beams to satellites to measure their movement, along with other techniques. When the time plotted by Earth's movement approaches one second out of sync with the time measured by atomic clocks, scientists around the world coordinate to stop atomic clocks for exactly one second, at 11:59:59 pm on June 30 or December 31, to allow astronomical clocks to catch up. Voila — a leap second. Since the first leap second was added in 1972, scientists have added leap seconds every few years. They're added irregularly because Earth's rotation is erratic, with intermittent periods of speeding up and slowing down that interrupt the planet's millions-of-years-long gradual slowdown. "The rotation rate of Earth is a complicated business. It has to do with exchange of angular momentum between Earth and the atmosphere and the effects of the ocean and the effect of the moon," Levine says. "You're not able to predict what's going to happen very far in the future."  But in the past decade or so, Earth's rotational slowdown has … well, slowed down. There hasn't been a leap second added since 2016, and our planet is currently spinning faster than it has in half a century. Scientists aren't sure why. "This lack of the need for leap seconds was not predicted," Levine says. "The assumption was, in fact, that Earth would continue to slow down and leap seconds would continue to be needed. And so this effect, this result, is very surprising."  Depending on how much Earth's rotations speed up and how long that trend continues, scientists might have to take action. "There is this concern at the moment that if Earth's rotation rate increases further that we might need to have what's called a negative leap second," Whibberley says. "In other words, instead of inserting an extra second to allow Earth to catch up, we have to take out a second from the atomic timescale to bring it back into state with Earth." But a negative leap second would present scientists with a whole new set of challenges. "There's never been a negative leap second before and the concern is that software that would have to handle that has never been tested operationally before," Whibberley adds. Whether a regular leap second or a negative leap second is called for, in fact, these tiny changes can be a massive headache for industries ranging from telecommunications to navigation systems. That's because leap seconds meddle with time in a way that computers aren't prepared to handle. "The primary backbone of the internet is that time is continuous," Levine says. When there's not a steady, continuous feed of information, things fall apart. Repeating a second or skipping over it trips up the whole system and can cause gaps in what's supposed to be a steady stream of data. Leap seconds also present a challenge for the financial industry, where each transaction must have its own unique time stamp — a potential problem when that 23:59:59 second repeats itself. Some companies have sought out their own solutions to leap seconds, like the Google smear. Instead of stopping the clock to let Earth catch up with atomic time, Google makes each second a tiny bit longer on a leap second day. "That's a way of doing it," Levine says, "but that doesn't agree with the international standard for how time is defined." Time as a tool In the grand scheme of things, though, we're talking about very tiny amounts of time — just one second every couple of years. You've lived through plenty of leap seconds and probably weren't even aware of them. And if we view time as a tool to measure things we see in the world around us, like the transition from one day to the next, then there's an argument to be made for following the time set by the movement of Earth rather than the electrons in an atomic clock — no matter how precise they might be. Levine says he thinks that leap seconds might not be worth the trouble they cause: "My private opinion is that the cure is worse than the disease." If we stopped adjusting our clocks to account for leap seconds, it could take a century to get even a minute off from the "true" time recorded by atomic clocks. Still, he concedes that while it's true that time is just a construct, a decidedly human attempt to make sense of our experiences in a big, weird universe, "it's also true that you have the idea that at 12 o'clock noon, the Sun is overhead. And so you, although you don't think about it often, do have a link to astronomical time." Leap seconds are just a tiny, nearly invisible way of keeping that link alive. Related links: Petsko, Gregory A. (28 April 2011). "The blue marble". Genome Biology. 12 (4): 112. doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-4-112. PMC 3218853. PMID 21554751. "Apollo Imagery – AS17-148-22727". NASA. 1 November 2012. Archived from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 22 October 2020. Simon, J.L.; et al. (February 1994). "Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 282 (2): 663–83. Bibcode:1994A&A...282..663S. Staff (13 March 2021). "Useful Constants". International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service. Retrieved 8 June 2022. Williams, David R. (16 March 2017). "Earth Fact Sheet". NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. Retrieved 26 July 2018. Allen, Clabon Walter; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities. Springer. p. 294. ISBN 978-0-387-98746-0. Retrieved 13 March 2011. "HORIZONS Batch call for 2023 perihelion". ssd.jpl.nasa.gov. NASA/JPL. Retrieved 3 July 2022. "UCS Satellite Database". Nuclear Weapons & Global Security. Union of Concerned Scientists. 1 September 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2022. Various (2000). David R. Lide (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (81st ed.). CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-0481-1. "Selected Astronomical Constants, 2011". The Astronomical Almanac. Archived from the original on 26 August 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2011. World Geodetic System (WGS-84). Available online Archived 11 March 2020 at the Wayback Machine from National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency. Cazenave, Anny (1995). "Geoid, Topography and Distribution of Landforms" (PDF). In Ahrens, Thomas J (ed.). Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants. Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants. AGU Reference Shelf. Vol. 1. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. Bibcode:1995geph.conf.....A. doi:10.1029/RF001. ISBN 978-0-87590-851-9. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 October 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2008. International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) Working Group (2004). "General Definitions and Numerical Standards" (PDF). In McCarthy, Dennis D.; Petit, Gérard (eds.). IERS Conventions (2003) (PDF). IERS Technical Note No. 32. Frankfurt am Main: Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie. p. 12. ISBN 978-3-89888-884-4. Retrieved 29 April 2016. Humerfelt, Sigurd (26 October 2010). "How WGS 84 defines Earth". Home Online. Archived from the original on 24 April 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2011. Pidwirny, Michael (2 February 2006). "Surface area of our planet covered by oceans and continents.(Table 8o-1)". University of British Columbia, Okanagan. Retrieved 26 November 2007. Capitaine, Nicole; Fienga, Agnès; Folkner, William; Fukushima, Toshio; et al. (August 2011). 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Change your email settings at manage subscriptions. Trouble clicking? Copy and paste this URL into your browser: https://onlinemarketingscoops.com/earth-is-suddenly-spinning-faster-why-our-planet-just-recorded-its-shortest-day-since-records-began/ Powered by WordPress.com